VISA Instrument Control with Python

Published

February 2026

This page covers using Python to communicate with bench instruments (oscilloscopes, function generators, power supplies, DMMs) via the VISA protocol using the pyvisa package.

1 Overview

VISA (Virtual Instrument Software Architecture) is a standard for communicating with test equipment. Most modern instruments support VISA over USB, GPIB, or Ethernet.

Lab equipment covered:

Keysight EDU33212A Function Generator
Keysight EDU36311A Power Supply
Tektronix TBS2000 Series Oscilloscopes

2 Prerequisites

2.1 Software Installation

NI-VISA drivers - Download from National Instruments
Python package:
```
py -m pip install pyvisa
```

3 Finding Your Instruments

3.1 Listing Connected Resources

import pyvisa

rm = pyvisa.ResourceManager()
resources = rm.list_resources()

print("Connected instruments:")
for resource in resources:
    print(f"  {resource}")

Typical output:

Connected instruments:
  USB0::0x0699::0x03C7::C023516::0::INSTR
  USB0::0x2A8D::0x8D01::CN62490159::0::INSTR
  USB0::0x2A8D::0x8F01::CN62240048::0::INSTR

3.2 Understanding Resource Strings

USB resource strings follow this pattern:

USB0::0xVENDOR::0xPRODUCT::SERIAL::0::INSTR

Vendor ID	Manufacturer
0x0699	Tektronix
0x2A8D	Keysight
0x05E6	Keithley

3.3 Identifying Instruments

Query the instrument identification:

import pyvisa

rm = pyvisa.ResourceManager()

for resource in rm.list_resources():
    try:
        inst = rm.open_resource(resource)
        inst.timeout = 2000  # 2 second timeout
        idn = inst.query("*IDN?")
        print(f"{resource}")
        print(f"  -> {idn.strip()}")
        inst.close()
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"{resource}")
        print(f"  -> Error: {e}")

4 Basic Communication Pattern

All VISA instruments follow a similar pattern:

import pyvisa

# Open connection
rm = pyvisa.ResourceManager()
inst = rm.open_resource("USB0::0x2A8D::0x8D01::CN62490159::0::INSTR")
inst.timeout = 5000  # 5 second timeout

try:
    # Query identification
    print(inst.query("*IDN?"))

    # Send command (no response expected)
    inst.write("*RST")

    # Query value (response expected)
    value = inst.query("MEASURE:VOLTAGE?")

finally:
    inst.close()
    rm.close()

Key methods:

write() - Send command, no response expected
query() - Send command and read response
read() - Read response (after write)

5 Keysight EDU33212A Function Generator

5.1 Basic Waveform Output

import pyvisa

rm = pyvisa.ResourceManager()
fgen = rm.open_resource("USB0::0x2A8D::0x8D01::CN62490159::0::INSTR")

try:
    # Reset to known state
    fgen.write("*RST")

    # Set output impedance to High-Z (important for open circuits)
    fgen.write("OUTPUT1:LOAD INF")

    # Configure sine wave: 1 kHz, 2 Vpp, 0 V offset
    fgen.write("APPLY:SIN 1000,2,0")

    # Turn on output
    fgen.write("OUTPUT1 ON")
    print("Sine wave output enabled")

finally:
    fgen.close()

5.2 Different Waveforms

# Sine wave: frequency (Hz), amplitude (Vpp), offset (V)
fgen.write("APPLY:SIN 1000,2,0")

# Square wave
fgen.write("APPLY:SQU 1000,2,0")

# Triangle wave
fgen.write("APPLY:TRI 1000,2,0")

# Ramp (sawtooth)
fgen.write("APPLY:RAMP 1000,2,0")

# DC voltage (just offset, no frequency)
fgen.write("APPLY:DC DEF,DEF,2.5")  # 2.5V DC

5.3 Frequency Sweep Example

import pyvisa
import time
import numpy as np

def frequency_sweep(fgen, start_hz, stop_hz, num_points, dwell_time_s=0.5):
    """
    Sweep frequency from start to stop.

    Parameters:
        fgen: PyVISA instrument object
        start_hz: Starting frequency
        stop_hz: Ending frequency
        num_points: Number of frequency steps
        dwell_time_s: Time at each frequency
    """
    frequencies = np.logspace(np.log10(start_hz), np.log10(stop_hz), num_points)

    fgen.write("OUTPUT1:LOAD INF")
    fgen.write("OUTPUT1 ON")

    for freq in frequencies:
        fgen.write(f"FREQUENCY {freq}")
        print(f"Frequency: {freq:.1f} Hz")
        time.sleep(dwell_time_s)

    fgen.write("OUTPUT1 OFF")

# Usage
rm = pyvisa.ResourceManager()
fgen = rm.open_resource("USB0::0x2A8D::0x8D01::CN62490159::0::INSTR")
frequency_sweep(fgen, 100, 10000, 20)  # 100 Hz to 10 kHz, 20 steps
fgen.close()

6 Keysight EDU36311A Power Supply

6.1 Basic Voltage Output

import pyvisa

rm = pyvisa.ResourceManager()
psu = rm.open_resource("USB0::0x2A8D::0x8F01::CN62240048::0::INSTR")

try:
    # Reset to known state
    psu.write("*RST")

    # Select channel 1
    psu.write("INSTRUMENT:SELECT CH1")

    # Set voltage and current limit
    psu.write("VOLTAGE 5.0")    # 5V
    psu.write("CURRENT 0.1")    # 100mA limit

    # Turn on output
    psu.write("OUTPUT ON")
    print("Power supply output enabled: 5V, 100mA limit")

finally:
    psu.close()

6.2 Voltage Ramp

import pyvisa
import time

def voltage_ramp(psu, start_v, stop_v, step_v, dwell_time_s=0.5):
    """Ramp voltage from start to stop."""
    import numpy as np

    voltages = np.arange(start_v, stop_v + step_v, step_v)

    psu.write("OUTPUT ON")

    for v in voltages:
        psu.write(f"VOLTAGE {v}")
        print(f"Voltage: {v:.2f} V")
        time.sleep(dwell_time_s)

# Usage
rm = pyvisa.ResourceManager()
psu = rm.open_resource("USB0::0x2A8D::0x8F01::CN62240048::0::INSTR")
psu.write("INSTRUMENT:SELECT CH1")
psu.write("CURRENT 0.1")
voltage_ramp(psu, 0, 5, 0.5)  # 0 to 5V in 0.5V steps
psu.write("OUTPUT OFF")
psu.close()

7 Tektronix TBS2000 Oscilloscope

7.1 Basic Configuration

import pyvisa
import time

rm = pyvisa.ResourceManager()
scope = rm.open_resource("USB0::0x0699::0x03C7::C023516::0::INSTR")
scope.timeout = 10000  # 10 second timeout

try:
    # Reset and wait
    scope.write("*RST")
    time.sleep(1)

    # Channel 1 settings
    scope.write("CH1:PROBE:GAIN 1")     # 1X probe
    scope.write("CH1:SCALE 1")          # 1V/div
    scope.write("CH1:POSITION 0")       # Center vertically

    # Horizontal (time) settings
    scope.write("HORIZONTAL:SCALE 1E-3")  # 1ms/div

    # Trigger settings
    scope.write("TRIGGER:MODE AUTO")
    scope.write("TRIGGER:SOURCE CH1")
    scope.write("TRIGGER:LEVEL 0")

    print("Oscilloscope configured")

finally:
    scope.close()

7.2 Reading Measurements

import pyvisa
import time

rm = pyvisa.ResourceManager()
scope = rm.open_resource("USB0::0x0699::0x03C7::C023516::0::INSTR")
scope.timeout = 10000

try:
    # Configure measurement 1: Frequency
    scope.write("MEASUREMENT:MEAS1:SOURCE CH1")
    scope.write("MEASUREMENT:MEAS1:TYPE FREQUENCY")
    scope.write("MEASUREMENT:MEAS1:STATE ON")  # Must turn ON!

    # Configure measurement 2: Peak-to-peak voltage
    scope.write("MEASUREMENT:MEAS2:SOURCE CH1")
    scope.write("MEASUREMENT:MEAS2:TYPE PK2PK")
    scope.write("MEASUREMENT:MEAS2:STATE ON")  # Must turn ON!

    # Wait for measurements to stabilize
    time.sleep(1)

    # Read measurements
    freq = float(scope.query("MEASUREMENT:MEAS1:VALUE?"))
    vpp = float(scope.query("MEASUREMENT:MEAS2:VALUE?"))

    # Check for invalid measurement (9.9e37 is Tektronix "no measurement" value)
    if freq > 1e30:
        print("Frequency: No valid measurement (check signal)")
    else:
        print(f"Frequency: {freq:.1f} Hz")

    if vpp > 1e30:
        print("Vpp: No valid measurement (check signal)")
    else:
        print(f"Vpp: {vpp:.3f} V")

finally:
    scope.close()

Note: The value 9.9e37 is Tektronix’s sentinel for “invalid measurement” - it means there’s no signal to measure or the measurement couldn’t be computed.

7.3 Capturing Waveform Data

import pyvisa
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def capture_waveform(scope, channel="CH1"):
    """
    Capture waveform data from oscilloscope.

    Returns:
        time_array: Time values in seconds
        voltage_array: Voltage values in volts
    """
    # Configure data transfer
    scope.write("header 0")
    scope.write("data:encdg RIBINARY")
    scope.write(f"data:source {channel}")
    scope.write("data:start 1")

    record_length = int(scope.query("wfmpre:nr_pt?"))
    scope.write(f"data:stop {record_length}")
    scope.write("wfmpre:byt_nr 1")  # 1 byte per sample

    # Acquire single shot
    scope.write("acquire:state 0")
    scope.write("acquire:stopafter SEQUENCE")
    scope.write("acquire:state 1")
    scope.query("*opc?")  # Wait for acquisition

    # Transfer binary data
    raw_data = scope.query_binary_values("curve?", datatype='b', container=np.array)

    # Get scaling factors
    t_scale = float(scope.query("wfmpre:xincr?"))
    t_zero = float(scope.query("wfmpre:xzero?"))
    v_scale = float(scope.query("wfmpre:ymult?"))
    v_offset = float(scope.query("wfmpre:yzero?"))
    v_pos = float(scope.query("wfmpre:yoff?"))

    # Create scaled arrays
    time_array = t_zero + np.arange(record_length) * t_scale
    voltage_array = (raw_data - v_pos) * v_scale + v_offset

    return time_array, voltage_array

# Usage
rm = pyvisa.ResourceManager()
scope = rm.open_resource("USB0::0x0699::0x03C7::C023516::0::INSTR")
scope.timeout = 10000

time_data, voltage_data = capture_waveform(scope, "CH1")

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
plt.plot(time_data * 1000, voltage_data)  # Time in ms
plt.xlabel("Time (ms)")
plt.ylabel("Voltage (V)")
plt.title("Oscilloscope Capture")
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()

scope.close()

7.4 Saving Screenshot

import pyvisa

def save_screenshot(scope, filename="scope_screenshot.bmp"):
    """Save oscilloscope screen to BMP file."""
    # Request screenshot
    scope.write("SAVE:IMAGE:FILEFORMAT BMP")
    scope.write("HARDCOPY START")

    # Read binary data
    raw_data = scope.read_raw()

    # Save to file
    with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
        f.write(raw_data)

    print(f"Screenshot saved to {filename}")

# Usage
rm = pyvisa.ResourceManager()
scope = rm.open_resource("USB0::0x0699::0x03C7::C023516::0::INSTR")
scope.timeout = 10000
save_screenshot(scope, "my_measurement.bmp")
scope.close()

8 Multi-Instrument Example: Frequency Response Measurement

This example demonstrates coordinating multiple instruments to perform an automated measurement - a common pattern for final projects and advanced experiments.

8.1 What is a Frequency Response Measurement?

A frequency response (or Bode plot) shows how a circuit or system responds to different input frequencies. This is fundamental for characterizing:

Amplifier bandwidth
Filter cutoff frequencies
Cable/transmission line behavior
Sensor frequency limits

8.2 Test Setup

+---------------+      +---------------+      +---------------+
|   Function    |      | Device Under  |      |  Oscilloscope |
|   Generator   |----->|  Test (DUT)   |----->|     (CH1)     |
|   (Keysight)  |      | e.g., filter  |      |  (Tektronix)  |
+---------------+      +---------------+      +---------------+
        |                                             |
        +------------ USB to Computer ----------------+

Connections:

Function generator output → Input of your circuit/filter
Output of your circuit → Oscilloscope CH1
Both instruments connected to computer via USB

8.3 The Measurement Loop

The script follows this pattern at each frequency:

Set frequency on function generator
Wait for signal to stabilize (settling time)
Measure output amplitude on oscilloscope
Record the data point
Repeat for next frequency

8.4 Complete Example

import pyvisa
import time
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def frequency_response(fgen_addr, scope_addr, frequencies, amplitude_vpp=1.0):
    """
    Measure output amplitude vs frequency for a device under test.

    This function sweeps through a range of frequencies, measuring the
    output amplitude at each point. The result can be used to create
    a Bode magnitude plot showing the frequency response.

    Parameters:
        fgen_addr: Function generator VISA address
        scope_addr: Oscilloscope VISA address
        frequencies: Array of frequencies to test (Hz)
        amplitude_vpp: Input signal amplitude (Vpp)

    Returns:
        frequencies: Input frequencies (Hz)
        amplitudes: Measured output Vpp at each frequency
    """
    rm = pyvisa.ResourceManager()
    fgen = rm.open_resource(fgen_addr)
    scope = rm.open_resource(scope_addr)
    scope.timeout = 10000

    amplitudes = []

    try:
        # ============================================
        # STEP 1: Configure function generator
        # ============================================
        fgen.write("*RST")
        fgen.write("OUTPUT1:LOAD INF")  # High-Z output
        fgen.write(f"APPLY:SIN 1000,{amplitude_vpp},0")  # Initial: 1kHz sine
        fgen.write("OUTPUT1 ON")
        print(f"Function generator: {amplitude_vpp} Vpp sine wave")

        # ============================================
        # STEP 2: Configure oscilloscope measurement
        # ============================================
        # Run autoset to get proper vertical/horizontal scaling
        scope.write("AUTOSET EXECUTE")
        time.sleep(3)  # Autoset takes a few seconds

        scope.write("MEASUREMENT:MEAS1:SOURCE CH1")
        scope.write("MEASUREMENT:MEAS1:TYPE PK2PK")
        scope.write("MEASUREMENT:MEAS1:STATE ON")  # Enable measurement!
        time.sleep(1)  # Let measurement stabilize
        print("Oscilloscope: Measuring CH1 Vpp")

        # ============================================
        # STEP 3: Sweep through frequencies
        # ============================================
        print(f"\nSweeping {len(frequencies)} frequencies...")
        print("-" * 40)

        for i, freq in enumerate(frequencies):
            # Set new frequency
            fgen.write(f"FREQUENCY {freq}")

            # Adjust horizontal scale for this frequency (show ~2-3 cycles)
            # Formula: time_per_div = (cycles_to_show / freq) / 10_divisions
            time_per_div = 0.25 / freq  # ~2.5 cycles across 10 divisions
            scope.write(f"HORIZONTAL:SCALE {time_per_div}")

            # Wait for settling (longer at low frequencies)
            settle_time = max(0.5, 10.0 / freq)  # At least 10 cycles
            time.sleep(settle_time)

            # Read measurement
            vpp = float(scope.query("MEASUREMENT:MEAS1:VALUE?"))

            # Check for valid measurement
            if vpp > 1e30:  # 9.9e37 = invalid
                vpp = np.nan
                print(f"  [{i+1}/{len(frequencies)}] {freq:8.1f} Hz: NO SIGNAL")
            else:
                print(f"  [{i+1}/{len(frequencies)}] {freq:8.1f} Hz: {vpp:.4f} Vpp")

            amplitudes.append(vpp)

    finally:
        # ============================================
        # STEP 4: Clean up
        # ============================================
        fgen.write("OUTPUT1 OFF")
        fgen.close()
        scope.close()
        rm.close()
        print("-" * 40)
        print("Measurement complete")

    return np.array(frequencies), np.array(amplitudes)


def plot_bode(frequencies, amplitudes, reference_amplitude=None):
    """
    Create a Bode magnitude plot from frequency response data.

    Parameters:
        frequencies: Array of frequencies (Hz)
        amplitudes: Array of measured amplitudes (Vpp)
        reference_amplitude: Reference for 0 dB (default: first measurement)
    """
    if reference_amplitude is None:
        reference_amplitude = amplitudes[0]

    # Convert to dB: 20 * log10(Vout / Vref)
    gain_db = 20 * np.log10(amplitudes / reference_amplitude)

    plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
    plt.semilogx(frequencies, gain_db, 'b-o', markersize=4)
    plt.xlabel("Frequency (Hz)")
    plt.ylabel("Gain (dB)")
    plt.title("Frequency Response (Bode Magnitude Plot)")
    plt.grid(True, which="both", linestyle='-', alpha=0.7)
    plt.axhline(y=-3, color='r', linestyle='--', label='-3 dB (cutoff)')
    plt.legend()
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()

    # Find -3dB point (bandwidth)
    below_3db = np.where(gain_db <= -3)[0]
    if len(below_3db) > 0:
        cutoff_idx = below_3db[0]
        print(f"\n-3 dB cutoff frequency: ~{frequencies[cutoff_idx]:.0f} Hz")


# ============================================
# USAGE EXAMPLE
# ============================================
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Define frequency range (logarithmic spacing)
    # 100 Hz to 100 kHz, 20 points
    freqs = np.logspace(2, 5, 20)

    # Replace with your instrument addresses
    # (find using rm.list_resources())
    FGEN_ADDR = "USB0::0x2A8D::0x8D01::CN62490159::0::INSTR"
    SCOPE_ADDR = "USB0::0x0699::0x03C7::C023516::0::INSTR"

    # Run measurement
    INPUT_AMPLITUDE = 1.0  # Vpp
    freqs, amps = frequency_response(FGEN_ADDR, SCOPE_ADDR, freqs, INPUT_AMPLITUDE)

    # Plot results (use known input as reference for 0 dB)
    plot_bode(freqs, amps, reference_amplitude=INPUT_AMPLITUDE)

    # Save data
    np.savetxt("frequency_response.csv",
               np.column_stack((freqs, amps)),
               delimiter=',',
               header='frequency_hz,amplitude_vpp',
               comments='')
    print("Data saved to frequency_response.csv")

8.5 Understanding the Output

Bode Magnitude Plot:

X-axis: Frequency (logarithmic scale)
Y-axis: Gain in decibels (dB)
0 dB = same amplitude as reference (usually the low-frequency value)
-3 dB = amplitude reduced to ~70% (the standard “cutoff” definition)
-20 dB = amplitude reduced to 10%

What to look for:

Flat region: Frequencies where the circuit passes signals unchanged
Roll-off: Where gain starts decreasing (indicates bandwidth limit)
Cutoff frequency: The -3 dB point

8.6 Adapting This Example

This pattern can be modified for other multi-instrument measurements:

Measurement	Generator Output	Scope Measurement
Frequency response	Sweep frequency	Vpp
Phase response	Sweep frequency	Phase (CH1 vs CH2)
Distortion vs amplitude	Sweep amplitude	THD or harmonics
Rise time vs frequency	Sweep frequency	Rise time

For phase measurements, connect the function generator to CH2 as a reference and measure the phase difference between CH1 and CH2.

9 Troubleshooting

9.1 No Instruments Found

Problem: rm.list_resources() returns empty list

Solutions:

Check USB connections
Verify NI-VISA is installed
Run NI MAX to see if instruments are detected
Try unplugging and reconnecting instruments

9.2 Timeout Errors

Problem: VisaIOError: VI_ERROR_TMO

Solutions:

Increase timeout: inst.timeout = 10000
Check that instrument is responding (try front panel)
Some commands take longer - add delays after write

9.3 Garbled Responses

Problem: Response contains unexpected characters

Solutions:

Set encoding: inst.encoding = 'latin_1'
Set termination: inst.read_termination = '\n'
Clear errors: inst.write('*CLS')

9.4 Instrument Not Responding

Check:

Is another program using the instrument?
Is the instrument in local/remote mode? (Press “Local” button)
Try inst.write('*RST') to reset

10 Resources

PyVISA Documentation
NI-VISA Download
Instrument programming manuals (search manufacturer website for “programming guide”)

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